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Evidence LibraryPostpartum and the first yearFor your partner
Evidence Library · For your partner

For the partner: your own mental health

Roughly one in ten partners becomes depressed. Almost nobody screens for it.

Pooled across 74 studies and 41,480 fathers, the prevalence of paternal depression during pregnancy or the first postpartum year is 8.4% (95% CI 7.2 to 9.6). An earlier meta-analysis of 43 studies put it at 10.4%. Roughly one in ten, either way.

Anxiety runs at a similar level: 10.7% pooled across 23 studies, though the variation between studies is so extreme that this should be read as "around one in ten" rather than as a precise figure.

Both parents at once, across 29,286 couples:

PeriodBoth parents depressed at the same time
During pregnancy1.72% (95% CI 0.96 to 2.48)
0 to 12 weeks after birth2.37% (95% CI 1.66 to 3.08)
3 to 12 months after birth3.18% (95% CI 2.30 to 4.05)
A number you may have heard, and should not trust"One in four fathers are depressed at three to six months" comes from a subgroup of the earlier meta-analysis, with a confidence interval running from 17.3% to 36.1%. The larger and more recent 74-study update found prevalence did not vary by when the assessment happened. Use one in ten.

It reaches the child, and the route matters. In a population cohort of more than 10,000 children, paternal depression at eight weeks was associated with emotional and behavioural problems at three and a half years (adjusted odds ratio 2.09, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.08), and with conduct problems in boys (2.66). That association held after accounting for the mother's depression.

The follow-up study traced how. Family factors, meaning the mother's depression and conflict in the couple, mediated about two-thirds of the effect. For maternal depression the equivalent figure was under a quarter.

What that finding does and does not sayIt is a reason to treat your own depression, and it is a good one. The main route by which it reaches your child appears to run through the relationship and through her, not through some direct damage you are doing at the cot side.

It is not a reason to be told you are harming your baby. Those two readings lead to very different places, and only the first one is supported.

Nobody is going to catch this for you. ACOG's postpartum care document uses the word "partner" exactly once, in the phrase "intimate partner violence". Its consent guidance does not use it at all. In a survey of 100 pediatric clinicians, of 23 recommended practices for engaging fathers, 18 were routinely done by fewer than half of them, and the two least implemented of all were parenting support at 4% and screening fathers for perinatal depression at 5%.

Which means it will be raised because one of you raises itThe Edinburgh questionnaire she may be given has been used with fathers in research, though no professional body whose guidance this guide could retrieve recommends screening partners routinely. If you have felt flat, irritable, detached, or unable to enjoy anything for more than two weeks, that is worth raising with your own doctor rather than hers.

It is not a competing claim on the family's attention. Where both parents are affected at once, roughly 2% to 3% of couples, rising to about 1 in 31 between three and twelve months after the birth, each of you needs treating in your own right. The association between your depression and hers is real but moderate, and this guide could not verify any study showing that treating one of you treats the other.
Where this comes from:
425. Cameron EE, Sedov ID, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: an updated meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;206:189-203.
426. Paulson JF, Bazemore SD. Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;303(19):1961-1969.
427. Leiferman JA, Farewell CV, Jewell J, Lacy R, Walls J, Harnke B, et al. Anxiety among fathers during the prenatal and postpartum period: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;42(2):152-161.
428. Smythe KL, Petersen I, Schartau P. Prevalence of perinatal depression and anxiety in both parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2218969.
429. Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'Connor TG; ALSPAC Study Team. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet. 2005;365(9478):2201-2205.
430. Gutierrez-Galve L, Stein A, Hanington L, Heron J, Ramchandani P. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: mediators and moderators. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):e339-e347.
431. Allport BS, Solomon BS, Johnson SB. The other parent: an exploratory survey of providers' engagement of fathers in pediatric primary care. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019;58(5):555-563.

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This page is educational. It supports the conversation with your own clinicians. It is not consent to any treatment, and it cannot assess you. If you are worried about a symptom now, see urgent warning signs.