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Evidence Library · The cumulative picture

Cumulative chances across several cycles

What you are told depends entirely on what is assumed about the people who stopped.

Cumulative success rates sound simple and are not, because the people who leave treatment have to be counted somehow, and they left for reasons.

A study of 6,164 patients through 14,248 cycles at one large centre reported two figures after six cycles, and named its assumptions:

After six IVF cyclesOptimistic estimateConservative estimate
All patients72% (95% CI 70 to 74)51% (95% CI 49 to 52)
Under 3586%65%
40 and over42%23%

The optimistic method assumes the patients who did not come back would have done as well as those who did. The conservative method assumes none of them would have had a live birth. The truth lies between them, and the width of that gap is the honest uncertainty.

The largest study ever done, 156,947 UK women through 257,398 cycles, used a third method that assumes 30% of those who stopped had no chance. Its prognosis-adjusted figures:

GroupLive birth, first cycleCumulative by sixth cycle
All women29.5%65.3%
Under 40, own eggs32.3%68.4%
40 to 4212.3%31.5%
What to ask when a clinic quotes you a cumulative figure"How are you counting the people who stopped treatment?"

There is no wrong answer to that question, but there is a wrong answer to not asking it. A cumulative figure with no stated assumption about dropouts is not a number you can use.
Where this comes from:
44. Malizia BA, Hacker MR, Penzias AS. Cumulative live-birth rates after in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):236-243.
45. Smith ADAC, Tilling K, Nelson SM, Lawlor DA. Live-birth rate associated with repeat in vitro fertilization treatment cycles. JAMA. 2015;314(24):2654-2662.
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 final assisted reproductive technology (ART) success rates [dataset]. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; updated December 18, 2024.

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This page is educational. It supports the conversation with your own clinicians. It is not consent to any treatment, and it cannot assess you. If you are worried about a symptom now, see urgent warning signs.